11. Fricatives and affricates
The articulation of a fricative involves the formation of a narrowing at some point in the speech tract such that friction is produced when the airstream is forced through the narrow opening, to produce a hissing or hushing kind of sound.
An affricate can be described as a sound that begins as a stop and ends as a fricative; it is a stop whose release is slowed down, such that considerable friction is heard.
This chapter consists of the following parts:
11.1.1 AN Fricatives and Voice
11.1.2 Grooved and Slit Fricatives
11.1.3 Lenis Fricatives: Final Devoicing
11.2 Fricatives and Place of Articulation
11.2.1 Labio-Dental Fricatives: /f,v/
11.2.2 Alveolar and Palato-Alveolar Fricatives: /s,z,ʃ,ʒ/
11.2.3 Dental Fricatives: /θ, ð/
11.2.7 /θ,ð/ and Other Fricatives
11.3 The Glottal Fricative: /h/
