9.3.1 Distribution of glottally reinforced and glottaled stops
Glottalization
Glottalization affects unisyllabic GA /p,t,k/ in the coda, if preceded by a voiced sound. Below are some examples.
Glottalization before p
cap – /kæp/ |
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Also
cops
harpsichord
helped
campsite
Glottalization before t
cat – /kæt/ |
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Also
cart
atlas
can’t
halts
Glottalization before k
lick – /lɪk/ |
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Also
sacked
bark
tanks
huckster
No Glottalization
Glottalization is absent when there is no voiced sound preceding /p,t,k/, and when /p,t,k/ are ambisyllabic.
No Glottalization before p
lisp – /lɪsp/ |
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No Glottalization before t
best – /bɛst/ |
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Also
opt
No Glottalization before k
mask – /mæsk/ |
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Ambisyllabic p
April – /ˈeɪprəl/ |
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Also
apple
ample
corporal
Ambisyllabic t
mattress – /ˈmætrəs/ |
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Also
metal
central
Santa
Ambisyllabic k
orchid – /ˈɔrkɪd/ |
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Also
buckle
Berkeley
uncle
Glottaling
Glottaling of GA /t/ may be viewed as a variable extension of glottalization. The rules have comparable environments, except that glottaling only affects GA /t/, and /t/ must be final in its coda.
It may therefore apply in cat, cart, felt, resentment, or atlas.
atlas – /ˈætləs/ |
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It does not, however, apply in cap, cats, eighth, or central.
central – /ˈsɛntrəl/ |
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Special mention must be made of /t/ before syllabic /n/, as in cotton, buttoned, which, though ambisyllabic, is always replaced with [ʔ]:
cotton – [kɑːʔn̩] |
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buttoned – [bʌʔn̩d] |
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