9. Aspiration, glottalization, and flapping

This section looks at some processes that can apply to the English fortis stops. The resulting sounds are allophones of the phonemes /p, t, k/.

This chapter consists of the following parts:

9.1 Stops and voice

9.2 Aspiration

9.2.1 Approximant Devoicing

9.2.2 Distribution of aspirated stops

9.3 Glottal reinforcement (glottalization) and glottal stopping (glottaling)

9.3.1 Distribution of glottally reinforced and glottaled stops

9.3.2 Nasalization and nasal deletion

9.4 Ambisyllabic t, d: flapping, voicing, elision

9.4.1 Flapping and other rules

9.4.2 Clitic “to”

9.4.3 Flapping and native speakers: three questions

9.4.4 Summary