Primary Navigation
Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.
Book Contents Navigation
Introduction
1.1 Two problems
1.2 Spelling as a confusing factor
1.3.1 Spelling pronunciations – homophones?
1.3.2 Spelling pronunciation – inconsistencies
1.4 A transcription system for GA
1.5 The consonants of GA
1.6 The vowel system of GA
1.7 Using J.C. Well’s LPD
1.8 The King of the Birds
2.1 The plural, third person singular, and genitive endings
2.2 The past (participle) endings
2.3 Spelling-pronunciation rules for lax vowels
2.4 Spelling-pronunciation rules for tense vowels
2.5 Spelling-pronunciation rules for vowels plus /r/
2.6 Spelling-pronunciation rules for weak vowels
2.7 Spelling-pronunciation rules for consonants
3.1 The stress in homographs
3.2 The stress in derived words
3.2.1 Others
3.3 Words with multiple stresses
3.4 The stress in compounds: introductory remarks
3.5 The stress in noun compounds
3.6 The stress in verb compounds
3.7 The stress in adjective compounds
3.8 Stress shift
4.1 The pronunciation of phonemes
4.1.1 Allophones
4.1.2 Stylistic variants
4.2 Interference
4.3 Acquiring the pronunciation of a foreign language
4.4 A transcription system for AN
4.5 The vowel system of AN
4.6 The consonant system of AN
5.1 The lungs and the larynx
5.1.1 Breath group
5.2 The vocal cords
5.2.1 The open and vibrating glottis
5.2.2 The closed and narrowed glottis
5.3 Pitch
5.4 The speech tract
5.4.1 Resonance
5.4.2 Friction
5.5 The mouth
6.1 Modifying the speech tract
6.1.1 The vowel diagram
6.2 Tense and lax vowels
6.3 Monophthongs
6.3.1 GA /iː/ and /ɪ/, and weak /i/
6.3.2 GA /uː/ and /ʊ/, and weak /u/
6.3.3 GA /eɪ/
6.3.4 Strong and weak GA /oʊ/
6.3.5 GA /ɛ/ and /æ/
6.3.6 GA /ɑː/
6.3.7 Optional section: /ɑː/ or /ɒː/
6.3.8 GA /ʌ/ and /ə/
6.4 Diphthongs
6.4.1 GA /aɪ/ and /aʊ/
6.4.2 GA /ɔɪ/
6.5 R-colored vowels
6.6 Pre-fortis clipping
6.7 Nasalization
6.8 Some American dialect features
6.8.1 Southern breaking
6.8.2 Centralization
6.8.3 /ʊ/-unrounding
7.1 Gradation (or function) words
7.2 Gradation of articles
7.3 Gradation of pronouns
7.4 Gradation of ‘have, will’ and the present pense of ‘be’
7.5 Gradation of other auxiliaries
7.6 Contractions
7.7 The use of strong forms of auxiliaries
7.8 Gradation of prepositions
7.9 Miscellaneous gradation words
8.1 Defining consonants
8.2 State of the glottis
8.3 Place of articulation
8.4 Manner of articulation
8.5 The consonants of GA and AN
8.6 The realization of consonant phonemes
8.7 The syllable
8.7.1 MOP (Maximum Onset Principle)
8.7.2 WSP (Weak Syllable Principle)
8.7.3 Liaison
9.1 Stops and voice
9.2 Aspiration
9.2.1 Approximant Devoicing
9.2.2 Distribution of aspirated stops
9.3 Glottal reinforcement (glottalization) and glottal stopping (glottaling)
9.3.1 Distribution of glottally reinforced and glottaled stops
9.3.2 Nasalization and nasal deletion
9.4 Ambisyllabic t, d: flapping, voicing, elision
9.4.1 Flapping and other rules
9.4.2 Clitic “to”
9.4.3 Flapping and native speakers: three questions
9.4.4 Summary
10.1 Lenis stops
10.1.1 Initial and final devoicing
10.2 Incomplete plosion of stop clusters
10.3 Stops and place of articulation
10.3.1 Bilabial stops: /p,b/
10.3.2 Alveolar stops: /t,d/
10.3.3 Velar stops: /k,g/
10.3.4 The glottal stop: [ʔ]
11.1 Fricatives and Voice
11.1.1 AN Fricatives and Voice
11.1.2 Grooved and Slit Fricatives
11.1.3 Lenis Fricatives: Final Devoicing
11.2 Fricatives and Place of Articulation
11.2.1 Labio-Dental Fricatives: /f,v/
11.2.2 Alveolar and Palato-Alveolar Fricatives: /s,z,ʃ,ʒ/
11.2.3 Dental Fricatives: /θ, ð/
11.2.4 TH-Fronting
11.2.5 TH-Stopping
11.2.6 Dental /t,d,n,l/
11.2.7 /θ,ð/ and Other Fricatives
11.3 The Glottal Fricative: /h/
11.4 Affricates
11.4.1 Affricates and Voice
11.4.2 Affricates and Place of Articulation
11.4.3 Post-Alveolar Affricates: /tr,dr/
12.1 Nasals
12.2 GA and NA Nasals
12.3 Approximants
12.3.1 Approximants: /l/
12.3.2 l-Velarization and l-Vocalization
12.3.3 Pre-l Breaking
12.3.4 Syllable Addition
12.4 The Palato-Velar Approximant: /r/
12.4.1 Dutch /r/
12.5 The Palatal Approximant /j/; Yod-Dropping
12.6 Syllabic Consonants
12.6.1 Syllabic Consonants in Dutch
12.6.2 Syllabic /l/
12.6.3 Syllabic /n/
12.6.4 Syllabic /m/ and /ŋ/
13.1 Connected Speech
13.2 Assimilation
13.3.1 Assimilation of Alveolars
13.3.2 Assimilation of Bilabials
13.3.3 Assimilation of /θ,ð/
13.4 Assimilation of Nasality
13.5 Palatalization
13.6 Assimilation and Elision in Dutch
13.6.1 Regressive Voicing of Obstruents
13.6.2 Progressive Devoicing of Fricatives
13.6.3 Word-Final Voicing
13.6.4 Palatization of Alveolars
13.6.5 Nasalization and n-Deletion
13.7 Simplification v. Gemination
13.8 Elision
13.8.1 Schwa-Elision before /r,l,n/
13.8.2 t/d-Elision in Coda
13.8.3 Other Elisions
13.9 Insertion of Stops
Shortened Pronunciation List
Consists of the following parts:
6.4.1 /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ 6.4.2 /ɔɪ/
Previous/next navigation
An Introduction to American English Phonetics Copyright © by Ton Broeders and Carlos Gussenhoven is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.